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ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ "ÃÂûÿý" ô÷û. ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù, (î àÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î øñ àÃÂìÃÂþõù), ÿÃÂÿàôîÃÂÿÃÂõ.
ÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿï
ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂÿý çÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂÿý çÃÂÃÂýÿ, úñøÃÂàúñù ÃÂ÷ý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂû÷ úñù ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ úñÃÂì ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ ýÿ÷øõï ýñ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õúÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàî ÃÂÃÂùý úñù üõÃÂì ñÃÂàñàÃÂàôõôÿüÃÂýÿàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ "ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ" ôõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù úñù "àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ".
ÃÂõ ñÃÂûÃÂàûÃÂþõùÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý ÃÂàÃÂìýùÃÂý ãÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý. àÿýÿüñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÿÃÂïöõù ÃÂÿ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂàýÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàüõÃÂñþàÃÂÿààÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõÃÂñù úñù ÷ ÃÂ÷.
ÃÂùÃÂñóÃÂóî
àÃÂ÷, ÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ, ñúÃÂü÷ úñù ñàÃÂÃÂàÿ ÃÂñûñþïñàÃÂÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ñýîúÿàüõ, ôõý ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõù ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂýñ ñÃÂõùÃÂÿõûìÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûû÷ÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿý úÿùýàýÿÃÂ.
àÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷, ÷ óÃÂýõÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂîüñ úñù ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñýñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂôùÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ñýìûÿóñ üõÃÂ÷ý õÃÂùúÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñ, úñÃÂì õÃÂÿÃÂî, øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýõàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ñýÃÂùúõïüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂúÃÂý ôÿþñÃÂùÃÂý úñù ÃÂֈÃÂñóõïñÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿÃÂóñýÃÂø÷úñý ÿù úÿùýÃÂýïõàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ñàÃÂî (úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý úÃÂïÃÂùü÷àÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýÃÂýùúî ÃÂñûùýñóÃÂó÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂû÷øàÃÂüÿÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂ÷ úñù ñôùñüÃÂùÃÂòîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñÃÂüÿôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂֈÃÂõÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àÃÂÃÂùü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ ÿÃÂøÿûÿóùÃÂÃÂùúî ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷ óýÃÂÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùöõ ýñ ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõùÃÂîûøõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ ÃÂ÷àæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûûìôñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñ úñù ñýÃÂûñòõ üõ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ý üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýñóÃÂýý÷ÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ üïñ ìûû÷ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷, ÷ æàÃÂùúî (ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý), ýñ ñÃÂÃÂÿûõïÃÂñù üõ ÿàÃÂìýùñ øÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù òñøüùñïñ õÃÂÃÂòñûûõ ÃÂ÷ý úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂõ ñàÃÂì.
ãÃÂ÷ý ãÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿý÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî üïñ ÃÂûõùìôñ õùôùúÃÂý õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂý (øàóñÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂ÷àæàÃÂùúîàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÿàý ñýñûìòõù ÃÂ÷ý, ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂñ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúî ÃÂûÃÂÿý, üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàñàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù: ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂùúî, ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿòùÿûÿóïñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñàÃÂùúî ú.ñ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂàýïÃÂÃÂñÃÂñù ñÃÂàüõÃÂùúÃÂà(ÃÂþù) ÃÂõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù:
- ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿà(ÃÂù ÃÂàýîøõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂõïàñûûì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÿûûÃÂàÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ).
- ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿà(àÃÂàýîø÷àôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂî ÃÂÿàõïýñù üïñ ñûûì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù üïñ üùúÃÂî ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ).
- ÷ ÃÂû÷ (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúàÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý. ãàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂ÷àüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂàýîø÷, ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî, ñýÃÂùÃÂû÷).
- ÷ ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂ÷ý ñùÃÂïñ ÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñùýÿüÃÂýÃÂý. ãàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂùàüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷û. ÃÂúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ, àõôïñ, ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ, ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ).
ãõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂàüõÃÂùû÷ÃÂøÿÃÂý ìûûõàôÃÂÿ, ñý øÃÂûÿàüõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ ô÷û. ÃÂñ "üñø÷üñÃÂùúì" ÃÂÿà.
- ÿ "ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàüõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂñø÷üñÃÂùúì úñù ÃÂ÷ý àû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂùúî úñù úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ., ñÃÂùøüÿï, ÃÂÃÂýÿûñ, bits)
- ÿ "ãàýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàüõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýìûàÃÂ÷ (ÃÂÃÂ. ôùñÃÂÿÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ÿûÿúû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàûÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ) úñù úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñÃÂ.
ÃÂûõàÿù ÃÂÃÂÿñýñÃÂõÃÂøõïÃÂõàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàôõý õïýñù õÃÂñúÃÂùòÃÂàúñøÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýõàúñù ñýõþìÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàüõÃÂñþàÃÂÿàÃÂ. àæàÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ÃÂû÷. ÃÂÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúààõôïÿ (üÿÃÂÃÂî õýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ) üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õüÃÂñýùÃÂøõï ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂòûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÿà.
ÃÂùñ ýñ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂøõï úñýõïàÃÂùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ øõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàüïñ ÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñ. äÃÂÃÂõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ úìýõù ÃÂùàõþîàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂïõÃÂ:
- à"çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿùúÃÂÃÂõôÿ ÃÂÿàúÃÂïÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ.
- à"çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ôùìÃÂúõùñ ÃÂֈÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñà(ñÃÂàÃÂÿ úÃÂïÃÂùüÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý úñÃÂõôìÃÂùÃÂ÷).
- à"ÃÂû÷" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂñ ÿùúÿôÿüùúì àûùúì (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ)
- à"ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ûìÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂàýôÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ.
- à"ãàýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàóÃÂñüüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý "ñÃÂÃÂùÃÂõúÃÂÿýùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂõôïÃÂý" ÃÂÿàü÷ÃÂñýùúÿàüõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ úÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ÿùúÿôÃÂü÷üñ.
- à"ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ü÷úÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý (ô÷û ÃÂÃÂùàñÃÂùøü÷ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂùüÃÂàÃÂÃÂ. 10 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ).
ÃÂàÃÂ÷üõùÃÂøõï õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý, ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿù (ÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ) ÃÂֈÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂïÃÂõôñ õþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂÿüÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂû÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÿÃÂóñýÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂõ "ôÿüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂõ ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúûïüñúõÃÂ.
ñ) ãÃÂùàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì ãàÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàúñù àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ,
ò) ÃÂõ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂñûñþïõàÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ, ñÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂúÃÂý÷ úñù ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úñù
ó) ÃÂõ ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù üõóìûõàÿüìôõàÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÿàÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂàýîøÃÂàñÃÂàõúñÃÂÿýÃÂìôõàÃÂÃÂàúñù ÃÂùûùìôõàÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. àÃÂóúÿàÃÂÿàúñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úìøõ ÃÂñûñþùñúàãüîýÿàÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂñ 10.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂà(ÃÂàóúÃÂïýõÃÂñù ñàÃÂàÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàüõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂñûñþïñ üñàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà150.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
ô) äñ ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ òÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ñàÃÂì ÃÂõ ÿüìôõÃÂ, üùúÃÂÃÂàî üõóìûõÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂúÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà100.000.00 ÃÂÃÂàúñù 200.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂìýàñÃÂàõúñÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂüîý÷ óñûñþùÃÂý. äñ ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ôùìÃÂÿÃÂñ, ñûûì ÃÂÿ úàÃÂïñÃÂÃÂÿ õïýñù ñàÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ý÷üìÃÂÃÂý (üÿýÿôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ) î ÃÂ÷àõúÃÂõÃÂñüÃÂý÷àõÃÂùÃÂìýõùñà(ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ).
ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷
ÃÂñÃÂùúî ñÃÂõÃÂ÷ÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂùàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõàÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÿûÿÃÂýÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÿøõÃÂõï ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂ÷üõùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàìÃÂõùÃÂֈÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù úñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ õþõÃÂÃÂìó÷ ô÷üùÿàÃÂóÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ úñù üñöï ÃÂÿààÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿ.
- ÃÂùñ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿûÿóùúî ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿàóõóÿýÃÂÃÂÿàñàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ õÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂù àÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î ÃÂù óùýÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, óùñÃÂï ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàôõý àÃÂîÃÂþõ "ÃÂÃÂùý".
- ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ïôùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ ñýñöîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂóùýõ ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, úñøÃÂà÷ ñýàÃÂñÃÂþïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàñàÃÂîý ÃÂàýõÃÂìóõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂ÷ý ñôàýñüïñ ÃÂÿàõýÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂüÿàõýÃÂàÃÂàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýÿàÃÂ÷üõïÿà.
àÃÂÃÂùü÷ õÃÂÿÃÂî
àñýñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùóüÃÂý ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂûÿúÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂòû÷üñ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàúñù ôùõÃÂóñÃÂïõàÃÂÿàôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ñýñÃÂñÃÂñÃÂøÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂóñÃÂÃÂîÃÂùÿ. ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ôõúñõÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà1970, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üõùÃÂø÷úõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ æàÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂý ãÃÂÿùÃÂõùÃÂôÃÂý ãÃÂüñÃÂùôïÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂ÷ûÃÂý õýõÃÂóõùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂýÿÃÂÿù÷ÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂùÃÂý àõôïÿà, ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöõÃÂñù üùñ óõýùúì ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂî õùúÃÂýñ, ÃÂÿàÃÂàýîøÃÂàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂààÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúàÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ üÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ ñàÃÂÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ ûñüòìýõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî 0, ÃÂÃÂÿàõúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ úñù ÃÂ÷ý úñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ñÃÂõùÃÂïöõÃÂñù úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà. ÃÂùñ ÃÂñ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýñ ÃÂÿàôùñôÃÂñüñÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úñý úñÃÂì ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ 10-43 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ (sec), ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù úñù ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàPlanck, ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ ôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂøõï ñúÃÂü÷ úñüùì ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷, óùñÃÂï ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂàýøîúõàìÃÂõùÃÂ÷àúñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿà÷ ÃÂõýùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂñÃÂõù ýñ ùÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úñù õÃÂùòìûûõÃÂñù ÷ ñýÃÂùúñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂî ÃÂ÷àñÃÂàüùñ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ ôõý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂüÃÂàñúÃÂü÷ ÿûÿúû÷ÃÂÃÂøõï. ÃÂïýñù ÷ õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÿù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõùàøõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂûûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæÃÂÃÂ÷àñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂý üïñ úñù üÿýñôùúî ÃÂýùñïñ ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂøìýõù ÃÂÿàà1032 ÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂñ 1092 óÃÂñü./úàò. õúñÃÂ., õýàÿù ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñýÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù üÃÂûùàÃÂÃÂÿ 1 ÃÂÃÂùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂüÿàÃÂÿààôÃÂÿóÃÂýÿà.
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿï ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý
ãÃÂñ 10-43 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÷ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂý ìûûÃÂý úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ñàÃÂÿÃÂõûî õÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, õýàüõÃÂñþà10-43 úñù 10-35 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, úñøÃÂàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿàà1028 ÃÂ, óïýõÃÂñù ÃÂýñàôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂîàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
ãÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂìôùÿ ñàÃÂà÷ úñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úìÃÂÃÂàþõúñøñÃÂïöõù. ãÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂñ úàÃÂúÃÂýùñ (quarks) úñù ÃÂñ ûõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ýõÃÂÃÂïýñ) üñöï üõ ÃÂñ ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùì ÃÂÿàÃÂ, úñøÃÂàúñù üùñ ÃÂõùÃÂì ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ÃÂÿûàüõóìû÷àüìöñàÃÂÿàôõý ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÃÂñ üñóý÷ÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂÿûñ, õýàÃÂàÃÂùúì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂñýÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂÃÂýÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñà(õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÃÂý úÿàìÃÂúÃÂ). à"ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñ" ñàÃÂî ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂùôïÃÂý àÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂñù üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý 10-6 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, ô÷û. 1 õúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ úñù ñÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿàüÃÂýÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂñ 10-16 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ úñù ÃÂõ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ 1015 ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂõù óïýõù ÃÂýñàýÃÂÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, úñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ÷ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýîàôÃÂýñü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂøõýî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõúÃÂÃÂÿüñóý÷ÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷.
ÃÂÃÂàõúõïý÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÿù ôÃÂÿ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàüñöï üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ øñ ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõùàÃÂõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýùÿÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷
ÃÂýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ 10-16 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ úñù ÃÂÃÂñ 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ, úñøÃÂàÃÂàýõÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ñýÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿàà1014 àñÃÂÿúÃÂì ñÃÂÿÃÂñÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂûÿ ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂî ààÃÂ÷ýùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, üõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂñ úàÃÂúÃÂýùñ (quarks) ÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñý õûõÃÂøõÃÂñ ýñ ôõÃÂüõàÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ýõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ÃÂôÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî). ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿ ôùìÃÂÃÂ÷üñ ñàÃÂàÃÂñ öõÃÂó÷ ñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý-ñýÃÂùñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý üõ ÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÿààüìöñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôàýñüùúî ÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿàúÿÃÂüùúÿàÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, ÃÂÿà÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý 1012àôõý õÃÂñÃÂúõï ÃÂûÃÂÿý óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂüàÃÂÿàÃÂ.
ÃÂþñÃÂìýùÃÂ÷ ÃÂýÃÂùÃÂû÷ÃÂ
äÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ "ñûû÷ûÿõþÿàôõÃÂõÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñù" üõ ÃÂñ ñýÃÂù-ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ñýÃÂùÃÂû÷) ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ, õúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂýñ õûìÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÃÂûõùüüì ÃÂÿàÃÂ, ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿ øñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂÃÂõï ñÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý. äÿý úÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂûÿ üõÃÂñþàÃÂÃÂý 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý 5 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý üõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ ñýñûñüòìýÿàý ÃÂûÃÂÿý ÃÂñ ûõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî), ñûûì îô÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñ ýõÃÂÃÂïýñ ñÃÂÿÃÂàýôÃÂÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂñ àÃÂÃÂûÿùÃÂñ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàúÿÃÂüùúÿàÃÂûìÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ, ñÃÂÿàÿù ñÃÂøõýùúÃÂàÃÂÿààñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàõïýñù õþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂìýùõàúñù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ÃÂñ úÃÂñÃÂîÃÂÿàý ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂüÿôàýñüùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ.
ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂñ 5 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ûÃÂóàÃÂֈÃÂàýõÃÂùöÃÂüõý÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÃÂÿàà109 àúñù ÷ ÃÂïôàü÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷, ô÷û. ÷ ô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý úñù ÃÂÿöùÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ, ôõý õïýñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý ôàýñÃÂî. äñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿöùÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ûÃÂóàÃÂ÷àñüÿùòñïñàÃÂÿààñûû÷ûÿõþÿàôõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷àõþñÃÂñýïöÿýÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõùÃÂì ÃÂÿààñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂúîýùÿ, ñÃÂîýÿýÃÂñàÃÂýñ üùúÃÂààÃÂÃÂûõùüüñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ùÃÂÿôÃÂýñüÿ üõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý.
æÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ
äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷àúàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñà(æÃÂÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî î ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ), ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñÃÂúÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿûàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿÃÂüõýõÃÂ, óÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ. ÃÂô÷ ÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ 15 ûõÃÂÃÂì úñù õýàÿù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñàþìýÿýÃÂñù úñÃÂì 30 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ûñüòìýõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂàÃÂîýÃÂý àôÃÂÿóÃÂýÿà, ÷ûïÿà, ûùøïÿàúñù ò÷ÃÂàûûïÿà. ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ñàÃÂàôõúñÃÂõýÃÂìûõÃÂÃÂÿ ÷ ÃÂàÃÂ÷ýÿÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñüñÃÂì.
ÃÂñ ÃÂàýõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõï ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂõ ÃÂÿÃÂùúî üÃÂýÿ úûïüñúñ ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù úñÃÂì ÃÂùàõúÃÂîþõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂýÃÂòñ.
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂïÿôÿ ÃÂ÷àúàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ üÿÃÂÃÂî ÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñàÃÂÿàóùñ õúñÃÂÿýÃÂìôõàÃÂùûùìôõàÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàÃÂ÷üñýÃÂùúÃÂàüõÃÂñòÿûÃÂÃÂ, ñûûìöÿýÃÂñàüÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂüñ ÃÂÿàñÃÂàõúÃÂàÃÂûÃÂÃÂùúàóñûìöùÿ úñù ûõàúàÃÂõ úùÃÂÃÂùýÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿúñûï úñù, ÃÂÃÂûÿÃÂ, úÃÂúúùýÿ, úñøÃÂà÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàüõùÃÂýõÃÂñù. ÃÂù ÃÂàÃÂýÃÂàÃÂàóúÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý üõ ÃÂñ ñÃÂý÷ÃÂùúì ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ÃÂñ øõÃÂùúì ùÃÂýÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂàÃÂîýÃÂý, ÃÂÿàõþñÃÂÃÂñûïöÿàý ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂüùúî ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂû÷à- ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñÃÂ, ôõý õÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ ýñ "ÃÂñþùôõÃÂÃÂõù" ñÃÂúõÃÂì üñúÃÂùì, üõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂֈÃÂõÃÂùÃÂôÿàñàÃÂîàýñ ÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöõÃÂñù øñüÃÂàúñù ñôùñÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂõ ÃÂýñý àÃÂÿÃÂùøÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ÃÂî. ÃÂñøÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàýõÃÂïöõù ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù úñù ýñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù, ÃÂñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂÃÂïöÿàý ýñ ôõÃÂüõÃÂÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÿààÃÂàÃÂîýõàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàìÃÂÿüñ, üõ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ýñ ÃÂÃÂñüñÃÂîÃÂõù ÷ ñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂî ÃÂÿààüõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂû÷àúñù ÃÂúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñÃÂ
ãÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿàà3.000 ÃÂ, õýàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂøìÃÂõù ýñ õïýñù 1.000 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂ,ÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ. ÃÂù ÃÂàýøîúõàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂùüõàóùñ ÃÂÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüàÃÂֈÃÂû÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ (õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àî àûÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ) úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý õûõÃÂøõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ, úñøùÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂñýÃÂàúñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷. ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ ÃÂÿàóõóÿýÃÂÃÂÿàñàÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÷ ôùìÃÂàÃÂ÷ ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ üùúÃÂÿúàüìÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ.
ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂñûñþùñúÃÂý ÃÂÿüÃÂý
ãÃÂ÷ý õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷ààûÿúÃÂñÃÂïñàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, üõ õÃÂñúÃÂûÿàøÿ ÃÂ÷ý õûìÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù ÃÂ÷àøõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñàÃÂÿà. àñÃÂÃÂùúî, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿüÿùÿóÃÂýõùñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ñÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂàÃÂñïõàÃÂÿÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂàóúõýÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂû÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿàûÃÂóàÃÂÃÂý ñüÿùòñïÃÂý ôàýìüõÃÂý òñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõùýñý ýñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ýñ ÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂøÿÃÂý ñúÃÂü÷ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñýÃÂï ýñ ñúÿûÿàøÿÃÂý "ÃÂàÃÂûì", ÃÂÃÂÃÂàóùýÃÂÃÂñý üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ, ÃÂ÷ óõýùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂõùàñàÃÂÃÂàô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úñý üõÃÂì ñÃÂà3 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÿù ÃÂñôùÿóñûñþïõàúñù ÃÂñ úòìöñÃÂàúñù üõÃÂì ñÃÂà8 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÿù óñûñþïõÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂýõÃÂ÷
äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂý óñûñþùÃÂý ñÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂû÷àøñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂùúî óõýõì (áÿÃÂulatiÿn ÃÂ) úñù úñÃÂÃÂÃÂùý ÷ ôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ (áÿÃÂulatiÿn ÃÂI) óõýõì ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý. àÃÂûùÿàñýîúõù ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ óõýõì ÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿý ÃÂõÃÂùòìûûõù (ô÷û. ÃÂÿ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂàüñàÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ) ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂà4,6 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂ÷.
ãÃÂýÿÃÂ÷
äÿ ÃÂõýìÃÂùÿ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷àÃÂÿàÃÂúùñóÃÂñÃÂîø÷úõ ÃÂõ óõýùúÃÂàóÃÂñüüÃÂàõÃÂü÷ýõÃÂõù ñÃÂúõÃÂì úñûì ÃÂñ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂàñàÃÂàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ úñù ùôïÃÂàÃÂ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿà, ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõàÃÂõ üùñ ÿüÿùÃÂüÿÃÂÃÂ÷ úïý÷ÃÂ÷.
àñÃÂìûû÷ûñ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ñÃÂîýõù ñýñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üùñ ÃÂõùÃÂì ñÃÂàõÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÷ ÿüÿùÿóÃÂýõùñ úñù ÷ ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóóùÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàú ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ üÿýìôñ ÃÂÿàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂõ ÃÂýñ "õÃÂïÃÂõôÿ" ÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÿ óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂûÿù ÿù óñûñþïõàÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ý ïôùñ üìöñ úñù, ÃÂÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÷ ñôàýñüïñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷àüñóý÷ÃÂùúÃÂý üÿýÃÂÃÂÿûÃÂý ÃÂÿàøñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÃÂÿàý ô÷üùÿàÃÂó÷øõï ÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂìôùñ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ÃÂ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùñ ûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿòûîüñÃÂñ ñàÃÂì õÃÂùÃÂõùÃÂõï ýñ ôÃÂÃÂõù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÿààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿàôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôõúñõÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà1980 ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûñý ÃÂúñø ÃÂÿàäõÃÂýÿûÿóùúÿàÃÂýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂֈ(ÃÂÃÂä). ÃÂñÃÂùúî ÃÂ÷àùôÃÂñ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂù úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-35 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ñýõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿàà1027 àúñù ÃÂûñòõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂ÷àùÃÂÃÂàÃÂîàñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üùñ ñûûñóî ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂ, úìÃÂù ñýìûÿóÿ üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂàüÃÂÃÂúýÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñÃÂüÿàúñù ÃÂ÷ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂõ àóÃÂÃÂ.
àÿûàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àñûûñóîàñàÃÂîàîÃÂñý ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂààÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂñûûïôÃÂý úñù ÷ üõÃÂñòÿûî ÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý õúøõÃÂùúì, ô÷û. ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿüñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-6 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂÿïñ ÷ àÃÂõÃÂñýìÃÂÃÂàþ÷ ñàÃÂî ÃÂÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñù ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ÷ òÃÂñôÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùñôùúñÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂàÃÂñûûïôõàñàÃÂÃÂàñÃÂþ÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10-31 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àñÃÂà10-45 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10 ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàõúñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂì, ô÷û. ÃÂõ 10-1 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ, úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿ ÿÃÂñÃÂàÃÂõ õüìàãÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÿàñàÃÂî ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂõù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà1010 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õýàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúàãÃÂüÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ (ÃÂֈÃÂìþ÷àÃÂÃÂý 103000 õÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ) ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÿûûì õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ôõý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñüùì õÃÂùúÿùýÃÂýïñ úñù úñüùì ñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂùúî ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýî ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷.
àæàÃÂùúî üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààñàÃÂì ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÷ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ õýÃÂÃÂóõùñàýñ õïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ î üùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷, ÷ ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿàýñ ôùñÃÂúõï ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ î ûùóÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ, õýàñúÃÂüñ úñù ÿ ñÃÂùøüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàøñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý üõÃÂùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõàÃÂÿàôÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂ÷ý ùôÃÂñ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂÃÂõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà(øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý Kaluza - Klein úñù ìûûõàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ), óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÿù õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ñýñôùÃÂûÃÂüÃÂýõàóÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý õñàÃÂàÃÂÿààúñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàü÷ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý.
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, øõüùÃÂî ÃÂñÃÂñôÿÃÂî ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂõ ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ úìÃÂÿùõàñÃÂàÃÂùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàñàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ñýõÃÂÃÂàóüÃÂýõàúñù ÷ àÃÂÃÂøõÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÃÂõù ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂàýÿûùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂùöùúì ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂùàùôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂ.
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõÃÂü÷ýõÃÂõù üõ ÃÂõùÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂñ úõýì ÃÂÿàÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÿààÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿà. àÃÂìóüñÃÂù, ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂüîüñ õýÃÂàÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàÃÂàýÃÂûÿàõþ÷óõïÃÂñù ñàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂõôÃÂý õÃÂïÃÂõô÷ õùúÃÂýñ ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöõù, õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂî ÃÂÿàñÃÂàüùñ üùúÃÂî üÃÂýÿ ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìøõÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿý ñÃÂñùÃÂÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ýñ ñÃÂÿúÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ÿüÿùÿóõýî úñù ùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ÷ úñÃÂñýÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àúñù ÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿàý.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ, ôïýõù ñÃÂñýÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂõ õÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÿÃÂñÃÂÿàúÃÂÃÂüÿàüõ ôõôÿüÃÂýñ ÃÂÿà, úñøÃÂàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂþàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûõóÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂÿàÃÂõùÃÂìüñÃÂÿÃÂ, ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ õûõóÃÂøÿÃÂý óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ î ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñ ÃÂÿààúñù ñàÃÂàïÃÂÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ úàÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ üõùÿýÃÂúÃÂ÷üì ÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
ÃÂûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
àEdwin Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿààÃÂñûûÃÂüõýÿààüõÃÂñòû÷ÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂõïôõàÃÂÿ 1924, óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂõùÃÂÿõùôî ýõÃÂõûÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù ÃÂôõùþõ óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý õþÃÂóñûñþùñúì ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ õýàÿ ÃÂñûñþïñàüñÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ 100.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂýñàñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñüÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. ÃÂý ÃÂàüõÃÂñþàÿ Vesto Slipher ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂ÷ Doppler ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿààñÃÂà40 ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, üÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂùàñúÃÂùýùúÃÂàÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÿààúñù òÃÂîúõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿù ñÃÂàñàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ, ÿù üñúÃÂùýÿï ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, ñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñý ñÃÂàüñÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ñàÃÂàÿýÿüìÃÂÃÂ÷úõ "æàóî ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý".
äÿ 1929 ÿ Hubble ÃÂàýôÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýõ óùñ ÃÂùàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù õúõïýõàìûûÃÂý õÃÂõàý÷ÃÂÃÂý (ÃÂÿàòñÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõùýÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ) üõ ÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñÃÂÿüìúÃÂàýÃÂ÷àóùñ ýñ ñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ ôÃÂÿ ñàÃÂì üõóÃÂø÷ õïýñù ñýìûÿóñ. ÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàóñûñþïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿà. ÃÂòóñûõ ûÿùÃÂÃÂý üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàõïýñù óýÃÂÃÂÃÂî ÃÂàýÃÂüÿàÃÂÿàHubble:
v = H * d .
àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïÃÂõ ñýñúñûàÃÂøõï. ÃÂýìûÿóñ õÃÂïÃÂ÷àüõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàH ÃÂÿàHubble, üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂüõ ýñ àÃÂÿûÿóïÃÂÿàüõ úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
àõýñûûñúÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿý àÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂ÷à÷ûùúïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿàõïýñù ýñ üõÃÂÃÂ÷øõï üõ ñúÃÂïòõùñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÿàHubble H, óùñÃÂï ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ñàÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂýñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýÿàÃÂàøüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂìþ÷ üñàôïýõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷. ÃÂûûì ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàñàÃÂîàõþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂàøüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîÃÂ, ÃÂÿàõý ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ õþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
ÃÂìý ûÿùÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù õÃÂïÃÂõôÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úàÃÂïÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàõïýñù : 2/(3 H) , ÃÂÃÂÿàH õïýñù ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble.
- ÃÂûûì õìý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úñÃÂì ÃÂýñ üùúÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ òñÃÂàÿýùúî ÃÂû÷, ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàõïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷: 1/Ho.
- ÃÂù ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù üùñ üÿÃÂÃÂî ÃÂû÷àÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùñ üõ ÃÂ÷ý úÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì à(ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàüÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷.
ÃÂù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂÿàý ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÿÃÂý ôùìÃÂÿÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂýùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿù úñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõúÃÂùüîÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble úàüñïýÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂà65 km/sec/Megaparsec ÃÂà80 km/sec/Megaparsec (1 üõóñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂú ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñù üõ 3.26 õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
àÃÂùÿ ÃÂùøñýî ÃÂùüî ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà72 km/sec/Megaparsec. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûïúÿ 1/H (÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù üõÃÂñþà12 úñù 14 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂïÃÂý õÃÂÃÂý. àÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ õúÃÂïü÷ÃÂ÷ õïýñù 13,7.
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùÃÂ
ãàüÃÂõÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàWMAP, ÃÂùàüõûÃÂÃÂõàÃÂ÷àúñÃÂñýÿüîàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùñúÃÂý ãü÷ýÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÿý àÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble, ñÃÂÿôõùúýÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù:
ñ) ÃÂàúûõïôõùÿ
ò) ÃÂÃÂõù ÷ûùúïñ 13.7 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂý (üõ ÃÂõÃÂùøÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñÃÂÿàüÃÂûùà1%).
ó) àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàõïýñù ÷ ñúÃÂûÿàø÷:
- äÿ 4% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàãàýîø÷ ÃÂû÷ ô÷û. ñÃÂàòñÃÂàÃÂýùñ (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÷ ÃÂû÷ ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ "õüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù" ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂüòùñ ÃÂýÃÂñ).
- äÿ 23% ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ (ìóýÃÂÃÂÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂùóüîàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ÃÂÿàñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂÿÃÂý üÃÂýÿ òñÃÂàÃÂùúì üõ ÃÂ÷ý ãàýîø÷ ÃÂû÷), õýÃÂ
- äÿ àÃÂÃÂûÿùÃÂÿ 73% ÃÂÃÂõÃÂïöõÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂóõùñ ÃÂÿàúõýÿà(î ñûûùÃÂÃÂ, ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ)(ÃÂÿàøõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ûõóÃÂüõý÷ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ãÃÂñøõÃÂì). äñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñïýÿàý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂàýõÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ úñù üìûùÃÂÃÂñ üõ õÃÂùÃÂñÃÂàýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂàøüÃÂ.
ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý
ÃÂýÃÂúñøõý, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂýùÃÂøõ üùñ ñúñÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂûþ÷ óùñ ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂÃÂñý, úñù ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂìýÃÂÿÃÂõ, ÃÂÿ üÃÂóùÃÂÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂûñ üàÃÂÃÂîÃÂùñ úñù ñùýïóüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàõÃÂùøàýõï ýñ õÃÂùûÃÂÃÂõù ÷ ÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøõï ýñ ñÃÂÿúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ üàÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿàúñù ýñ úñÃÂñýÿîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ àñÃÂõûøÃÂý, ÃÂÿ àñÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂûûÿý.
àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ
àÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÿýùÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÷ ïôùñ ÷ "ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúî ÃÂýýÿùñ" õþõûïÃÂø÷úõ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì, ÃÂõ úìøõ õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ÃÂ.
- àÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàóùñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂýÿààÃÂÿàHomo Sapiens ÿù ÃÂýýÿùõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "õñàÃÂÃÂÃÂ" ôõý îÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõÃÂ. ÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñüõ ýñ ÃÂÿÃÂüõ ÃÂÃÂù óùñ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ÃÂÿýôÃÂùúì ÃÂýñ "ÃÂ÷üõïÿ".
- ÃÂûûì úñù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂàûûÃÂúÃÂ÷, ô÷û ÃÂÿý "ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷ûñïÃÂý", ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õþñúÿûÿÃÂø÷ÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù "ÃÂ÷üõùñúî üÿÃÂÃÂî" (ñý úñù ñÃÂúõÃÂì ôùõàÃÂàüÃÂý÷) úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂñàÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÃÂÿàôùÃÂüõýõ úñù úàý÷óÿÃÂÃÂõ.
- ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂ÷ýÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂìôùÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÿù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂàûÃÂàÃÂàãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂýÃÂñý ÷ "óÃÂñüüî" ÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂõïñàÃÂÿàôùÃÂÃÂõÃÂõÃÂñý úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ýÿüñôùúî öÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂóùýõ óÃÂñüüùúÃÂ.
ãÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàóõÃÂÃÂóùúÃÂàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ "ãÃÂüÃÂñý" ôõý õïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂøõï ñúÃÂü÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ "ÃÂøýÿÃÂ/úÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂ". äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùõûìüòñýõ ÃÂÿ úñûûùõÃÂóÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂôñÃÂÿàÃÂ÷àúÿùýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ.
äñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì ÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûñ
ãÃÂ÷ý ñàóî ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùýÿàÃÂÿûùÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ (ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈ4ֈÃÂùûùõÃÂ÷ÃÂïôñàÃÂ.ç.), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñûõÃÂúñýÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúîàÃÂýýÿùñàñýÃÂûñòñý ÿù ûõóÃÂüõýÿù ÃÂýñÃÂÿûùúÿï ÃÂñÿï (ãÿàüÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂùóÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂñòàûÃÂýùÿù, ú.ñ) äñ ùõÃÂñÃÂõïñ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý ýñ ÃÂÃÂõôùìöÿàý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ "ñÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýñ ÃÂàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ" ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂûñòñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂîùý÷ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂñ. ÃÂàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÿÃÂÿûÿóïõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "ÃÂ÷" ôõý îÃÂñý ñúÃÂü÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõàÃÂýýÿùõÃÂ. éÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÷ ÃÂàýõùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿààîÃÂñý úñøÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúî úñøÃÂàüõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÿàÃÂñýÿà(ÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÿàÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñ) ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂøõÃÂñý ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂïÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ.
ÃÂùìúÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÷ ÃÂúàÃÂìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂûû÷ýõàÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿàÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÿï òñøüùñïñ ñýÃÂõûîÃÂø÷ÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂù ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ ÃÂÿà"ãÃÂõÃÂõÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ" (ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ãõûîý÷, àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ) õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúì ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷. ÃÂàÃÂî îÃÂñý úñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂÿýÃÂü÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂùàóîùýõàôÿüÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñý õüÃÂõôÃÂø÷úõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúì ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ.
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõùÿàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàëàõÃÂï ÃÂàÃÂñýÿÃÂû, àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ñÃÂàÃÂÿ 340 ÃÂ.ç. ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñùÃÂùúî úñù ÃÂÃÂù òÃÂïÃÂúõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂýõù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷, õýàÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÷ ãõûîý÷, ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõàúñù ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàúùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂûõùõàúàúûùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂïýñù òÃÂòñùñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿà"ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ\ÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿà" ÃÂñàÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýàÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ.
àõüÃÂìýùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ, o ÃÂûùÿàõïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõà(ÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòñýÿüÃÂý÷àúñù ÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ), õýà÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ìþÿýì ÃÂ÷àúìøõ õùúÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùàÃÂÃÂõÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà, ÃÂÿàÃÂîüõÃÂñ þÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî, ôõý àùÿøõÃÂîø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ñÃÂÃÂñïÿ úÃÂÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÿüñ û÷ÃÂüÿýîø÷úõ.
ààÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÃÂàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
àõÃÂï ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿàôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàñùÃÂýñ ü.ç. ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿà. ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ñàÃÂî ÷ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿà. ãÃÂÃÂúõÃÂñù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷ úñù óÃÂÃÂàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿúÃÂàüõóìûõàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàÃÂÿàüõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ.
àìýàÃÂõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàúùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÷ ãõûîý÷ úñù ÿù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂõ ÃÂûñýîÃÂõàÃÂÿàîÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂÿï, ô÷û. ÿ ÃÂÃÂüîÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷, ÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ.
àõþÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúî (÷ ÃÂóôÿ÷) ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿààñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ.
ÃÂù ñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàõïýñù ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýÿàý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÃÂùàïôùõÃÂ, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿàÃÂ, øÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ñûûì úñù ÃÂÿàÃÂûÿù üñöï ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂþïöõù ýñ ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñýÃÂõûî ÃÂûûõùÃÂ÷ úñÃÂìûû÷ûÃÂý ÿÃÂóìýÃÂý, àÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ üÃÂÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ãõûîý÷ üõ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúì üõóìû÷ ñúÃÂïòõùñ. ãàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, àÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿ 29.5 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂֈ(õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ õïýñù 30.2 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
ÃÂüÿùñ úñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂøÃÂý÷ààÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àüõ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúî ñúÃÂïòõùñ (ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂþàúñÃÂì ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà90 ÃÂùûùÃÂüõÃÂÃÂñ).
àõÃÂùúÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÿàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿàîÃÂñý òÃÂòñùñ ûñýøñÃÂüÃÂý÷, ñûûì ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂõ üõóìûÿ òñøüÃÂ, üõ ÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù àùÿøõÃÂîúõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂüõý÷ çÃÂùÃÂÃÂùñýùúî ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñ ÃÂÿàñýñö÷ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù üïñ "ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿý÷ úÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ". ààùÿøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî õïÃÂõ ÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂ÷ úñøùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂñóïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÿàÃÂàÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿùÿàÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúÃÂàìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿûüÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂýîÃÂõù, ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂàñùÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñýÃÂùüõÃÂÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂî ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂàýîøÃÂàõÃÂùüÃÂÃÂõïÃÂÿ ñàÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂì, ñúÃÂüñ úñù üõ øìýñÃÂÿ.
àÃÂýñòïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàñùÃÂýõàÃÂùÃÂÃÂîÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂùúÃÂûñÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà(1473-1543), àÿûÃÂýÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿà(õùúÃÂýñ 1.7ñ), ÃÂÿàúñÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà(óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàôõý ÃÂÃÂõù õþñúÃÂùòÃÂøõï, ñûûì ñàÃÂàùÃÂÃÂàÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÿûûÿï õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÿýõÃÂ), õÃÂñýñôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂýõù (ñûûì üõ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûÃÂÿý) ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÿ ÃÂûùÿàúñù ÃÂÃÂù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûùÿ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂòÿ ýñ ü÷ý úñÃÂ÷óÿÃÂ÷øõï úñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂÃÂàýñ ü÷ý ÃÂùüÃÂÃÂ÷øõï ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý õúúû÷ÃÂïñ (îÃÂñý ôùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýÿààÃÂìûû÷ûÿàôùñ òïÿàÃÂõ úñøõôÃÂùúàýñÃÂ), ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàñàÃÂÃÂàõïôñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷üÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàüõ ÃÂõàôÃÂýàüÿ ñúÃÂùòÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂøñýõ. æàÃÂùúì, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõþìûûÿàúñù ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà) îÃÂñý ñÃÂûÃÂààÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàñÃÂÿôõïþõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂÃÂ, ôõý îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñûîøõùñÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñÃÂûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂôùýñý üùñ ñÃÂûî, ô÷û. ÃÂùÿ ûÿóùúî, ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂàñàÃÂîý ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿà.
àÃÂñûùûñïÿàúñù ÿù ñýÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñÃÂ
çÃÂõùìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý õúñÃÂàÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿàô÷üÿÃÂùõÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà, óùñ ýñ ÃÂùàÃÂìÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿòñÃÂì úñù ýñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøîÃÂõù ýñ ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂúñýõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿà(1564-1642), ÃÂÿàÃÂö÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àïöñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñûïñÃÂ. ÃÂù ñÃÂÿôõïþõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýõ ÿ ïôùÿàüõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂÿààÃÂîÃÂþõ úñù ÿ õÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÃÂֈÃÂÿà.
àñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂùàúùýîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂûñý÷ÃÂÃÂý, ôùñÃÂïÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿàõïÃÂõ ôïúñùÿ, úñù õþÃÂôÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1632 ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂóóÃÂñüüñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàñàÃÂÃÂàõôùÃÂÃÂø÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý áÃÂüñùÿúñøÿûùúî ÃÂúúû÷ÃÂïñ, õÃÂõùôî îÃÂñý ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàúñù ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷.
ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ ôõ, ÃÂÃÂÿúõùüÃÂýÿàýñ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóõù ÃÂÿ øìýñÃÂÿ, ñýñúìûõÃÂõ ÃÂàûñýøñÃÂüÃÂýõàÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂàýÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂüõýÿàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ üõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÿùýî ÃÂÿàøñýìÃÂÿàÃÂõ úñÃÂâ ÿïúÿý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿàúñù ÃÂõûùúì ÃÂÃÂøñýõ ñÃÂàÃÂàÃÂùúàøìýñÃÂÿ.
àáÃÂûÿàÃÂÿàä÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿÃÂ
ÃÂõýÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂ÷àóýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõùþõ ÷ ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿà.
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî, ÷ ÃÂÃÂõàýñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂïöõù ýñ ÃÂñïÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üÿÃÂÃÂî üùñàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúîàõÃÂóñÃÂïñÃÂ. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ òÿîøõùñ ñàÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÿÃÂóìýÿà, õÃÂùÃÂõÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôùõÃÂÃÂàýÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿý ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÿà.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ֟ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýàúñù õïôõ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üõóõýøàüÃÂýñ, óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàôõý õïÃÂõ ÃÂàüòõï ÃÂÿÃÂàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ, ÷ ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ìûûñþõ üùñ óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ îÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàõïôõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂ÷ ãõûîý÷, ÃÂÿààôÿÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂÿàÃÂïñ, ÃÂÿ üùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóóñÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿààôñúÃÂàûïÿààÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàúñù ÃÂùàú÷ûïôõàÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿà.
ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàñýñúÃÂïýÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù õïôõ üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ãõûîý÷, ÿ ÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿàCesare Cremonini îÃÂñý ÃÂýñàñÃÂàñàÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂÿàñÃÂýîø÷úñý ñúÃÂüñ úñù ýñ õûÃÂóþÿàý úÿùÃÂÃÂýÃÂñÃÂ, ùÃÂÃÂàÃÂùöÃÂüõýÿàÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷àõïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿôõïþõï ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ãõûîý÷ îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂûõùñ ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ. ÃÂýìûÿóñ ÃÂÃÂÿòûîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂúàÃÂñý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûùñúÃÂý ú÷ûïôÃÂý.
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûñþõ ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì, ÃÂÿ üùúÃÂÿÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÿ úñù ìÃÂàÃÂÿ úñù õïôõ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂÿàÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýî üìûùÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂÿÃÂî, üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂý úñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÿÃÂïÃÂý, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöÿàý ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂî ôùìøûñÃÂ÷ úñù ñþùÃÂûÿó÷ ùúñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üõóÃÂøàýÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ôÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôàýñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ üõûõÃÂ÷øÿÃÂý úÃÂÃÂüÿù ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷.
ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ
äÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂøñýõ ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ 1642, óõýýîø÷úõ ÃÂýñàìûûÿÃÂ, õÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÃÂý, ÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂñìú ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý ÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂö÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ òñøùì ÃÂÿàó÷ÃÂñÃÂõùì (1642-1727). àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàô÷üÿÃÂïõàÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1687 ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý æàÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂýû, ÃÂýñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñýÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ òùòûïñ ÃÂ÷àñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàñÃÂÿàõÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ òñøÃÂÃÂñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂúõï ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý, üõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üñø÷üñÃÂùúî øõüõûïÃÂÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿàúñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úñù õÃÂñû÷øõÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù üÃÂýÿ ÃÂñ õàÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÃÂñûùûñïÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂûùñúàüñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ, ñûûì úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ óñûñþïñ üñÃÂ, úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿñýÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ, ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ àÃÂîÃÂþñý ôàÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý: àÃÂõÃÂúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ, àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ) úñù ÷ ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ, ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ).
àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý îÃÂøõ ýñ ÃÂÿ úìýõù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ óùñÃÂï ùÃÂÃÂàÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ, úñù ÃÂàõú ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿàôõý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿàýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàúÃÂÃÂüÿà.
àôõ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂýñàÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂûñýîÃÂ÷àüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ÃÂýñ ÃÂñûñþïñ, ÃÂÿ ôõ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ.
àÃÂàüòÿûî ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ
ãÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàõùúÿÃÂÃÂÿàñùÃÂýñ üùñ ÃÂùÿýÿÃÂÃÂùòìôñ ñÃÂàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàìûûñþñý ñúÃÂüñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿà, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ), ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù óùñ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷à(ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ). äÿ 1915, ÿ ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂàEinstein, ô÷üÿÃÂïõàÃÂõ ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëàÃÂõýùúõàüÃÂý÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂû, ÃÂýñ òùòûïÿ ñýìûÿó÷ÃÂ, ïÃÂÃÂàúñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàüõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ. àEinstein òõûÃÂùÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý, ôùÿÃÂøÃÂýÿýÃÂñàúñù ÃÂàüÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ ÃÂõ ÃÂÿûûì ÃÂ÷üõïñ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂõàÃÂÃÂýõùÿàúñù ãÃÂõÃÂùúùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàøõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ àÃÂîÃÂþñý ñýÃÂúñøõý ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ úñù ÃÂÃÂù úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂüÿýùúì ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ ýÃÂüÿ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, øñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂÃÂüñ ýñ õûúÃÂõù úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàýñ ÃÂû÷ÃÂùìöõù ÃÂÿ ìûûÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂùóì-ÃÂùóì ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ýñ üñöõàÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂâ ÃÂýñ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ õÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûÿ, ÃÂñý ÃÂýñàÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ. äÿ óùñÃÂï ñàÃÂàôõý ÃÂàüòñïýõù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÿ õþ÷óîÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿ ñÃÂÃÂôùôõ ÃÂõ øõÃÂúî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿàúÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿààúñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂî úñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî ÃÂàüÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ ÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì úñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý, ñûûì ôùñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ õý üÃÂÃÂõù àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂù úìÃÂÿùñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýâ ñûûÿùÃÂøÿÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂýñàüõóìûÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñàýñ úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂõ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ýõÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý î ýñ óïýõù üùñ üñÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ. ÃÂâ ñàÃÂî ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ, ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ôàýñüùúÃÂ.
çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ
àüõóìû÷ ÃÂàüòÿûî ÃÂÿàEinstein ÿÃÂõïûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õùÃÂñóÃÂóî üùñàýÃÂñàÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂàòìÃÂ÷àüõûÃÂÃÂ÷àúñù õÃÂü÷ýõïñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿà.
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ààÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿàúñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂÿù.
àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂÿÃÂ.
àEinstein ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ XÃÂÃÂýÿàúñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ñôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõàúñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù õþõûïÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
äÿ 1929, ÿ Edwin Hubble (1888-1953), ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂñýÃÂìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÿ Einstein, ñûûì õïýñù ÃÂýñ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿàÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ãàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, ñýñúìûàÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂñûñþïõàñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñù üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿààüõ üõóìû÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÷ ôõ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ñàÃÂî üõóñûÃÂýõù (óÃÂñüüùúì), ÃÂÃÂñý üõóñûÃÂýõù úñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñÃÂÿüñúÃÂàýÃÂüõýÿàóñûñþïñ. àñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñÃÂìÃÂû÷úÃÂÿ ÃÂÿý Einstein, úñøÃÂàûÃÂóõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂîø÷úõ ÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ñýñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ: ëÃÂàÃÂàÃÂÿ ûìøÿàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÿàû (ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂïÃÂÃÂõàõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ñûûì ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ).
àñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ìûûñþõ ÃÂùöùúì ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ñàÃÂÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂÃÂù ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿàüÃÂýÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂùÿ üùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ, ÃÂ÷óñïýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿûàÃÂïÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ îÃÂñý ÃÂýñ àûùúàÃÂ÷üõïÿ. ÃÂù ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿýÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂùúÿï, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂÿïÃÂý úñù ÿ ãÃÂïòõý ÃÂawking, àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿàý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷û. ÃÂûñ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ úñù ÃÂúÃÂÿÃÂõ ñàÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂÃÂ. äÿ óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàîÃÂñý ñýñüõýÃÂüõýÿ, üõÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂõÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúîàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂõÿûÿóïñàÃÂÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷ÃÂ.
ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úñù ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂïöñüõ, àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÷ ëÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷û. àãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂìýàñÃÂàÃÂÿ 90% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî) úñù ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ûõùÃÂÿàÃÂóõï õàõÃÂóõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ëÃÂþÃÂû úñù óùâ ñàÃÂàúñÃÂì úÃÂÃÂùÿ ûÃÂóÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ÃÂýÿüìöõÃÂñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ óùñÃÂï ôõý ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûõï úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàôõý ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù.
àÿûàÃÂàüÃÂñýÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ
äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂýÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÷ ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿ öÿÃÂüõ ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÿ üÃÂýÿ. ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ õýôÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂùÿ õýôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñ úñù ÃÂùÿ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì úñù ÃÂùÿ ÃÂüÿÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñÃÂ.
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù æàÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ
ãîüõÃÂñ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ôÃÂÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõóóïÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæàÃÂùúîàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àüïñ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàEinstein) úñù ÷ ìûû÷ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý MùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàSchrodinger, ÃÂÿàHeisenberg, ÃÂÿàPlanck úñù ìûûÃÂý). àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ, ñûûì ÿÃÂÃÂõ úñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂÿü÷ÃÂñýùúî üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ.
àñýìóú÷ óùñ üïñ úñù üÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàøñ õïýñù ùúñýî ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýîÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÿýÿüìöõÃÂñù ëõýÿÃÂ؝֟ÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñû î ëÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààñýÃÂÃÂÃÂû. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ õÃÂùôùÃÂúÿàý ÃÂùàÃÂõûõàÃÂñïõàôõúñõÃÂïõàÃÂÿûûÿï øõÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùúÿï ÃÂàÃÂùúÿï ñÃÂñýÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ñûûì ñúÃÂüñ ôõý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿàý úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù (ÿ Einstein ñÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àøõÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂìýÃÂÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàÃÂüÃÂàõÃÂùÃÂàÃÂïñ).
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÃÂî
àöÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂýñ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àøÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñàÃÂàøñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúàúûÿÃÂñïôõùñ.
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÷ ü÷ õýÃÂàÃÂõÿà- ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ, õÃÂïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿûàñúñýøÃÂôõàöîÃÂ÷üñ. àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñà"ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ" üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúàúûÿÃÂñïôõùñ.
ÃÂÃÂôõúñ ÃÂýñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ
ÃÂù ôÃÂôõúñ úÃÂïÃÂùüõàõÃÂÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿà÷ ñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂî ÃÂÿààñóýÿõïÃÂñù î ñüÃÂùÃÂò÷ÃÂõïÃÂñù (ñûûì ÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñ, øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ìúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂñÃÂñïÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñÃÂñýÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù:
- àÿùÃÂàõïýñù ÿù üìöõàÃÂÃÂý ýõÃÂÃÂïýÃÂý, úñù ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàý ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂÃÂñøî;
- àÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿîûøñý ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üùúì ÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõïñ ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂïô÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ;
- ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ýÃÂõàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÃÂùàõþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì àÃÂ÷ûÃÂàÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàúñù øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïõÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÷ ñúÃÂùòîàøõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂÿý ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿ æÃÂàî ñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù üùñ ýÃÂñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂùààÃÂ÷ûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõýÃÂÃÂóõùõÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂõýùúî ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿàEinstein ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàBig Bang ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
- ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿùì ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ÷ ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷;
- àÿùì õïýñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àãúÿÃÂõùýîàÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ çÿÃÂôÃÂý ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂýÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂֈÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý àõôïÃÂý úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂà÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ;
- ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ÿù àÃÂÃÂÃÂøõÃÂõàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàô÷û. ìûûõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ;
- àÃÂÿñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÃÂõÿà- ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóÿàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý óÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
ÃÂùòûùÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
- ÃÂntroduction to Cosmology, J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993
- The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, David Weinberg, BasicBooks
- àÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂî ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, John Barrow, ÃÂúô. ÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ, 1995
- Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, Martin Rees, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995
- The Quest for the Cosmological Parameters, Manolis Plionis, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 592, p.147, eds. Cotsakis & Papantonopoulos, 2002
ÃÂûû÷ýùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
- äÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ñàÃÂàÃÂֈLivepedia
- [ http://www.astro.noa.gr/journal/Periodic/journal_03plionis.htm ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂúÿÃÂõïÿ ÃÂø÷ýÃÂý]
- ÃÂïñ ÃÂÿûàõý÷üõÃÂÃÂÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂóóùÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
- Neo.gr - àÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûû÷ýùúàÃÂùñôïúÃÂàÿ
ÃÂóóûùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
(ÃÂîÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂóóûùúî Wikipedia)
- Stephen Hawking's Universe - Where do we come from? How did the universe begin? Why is the universe the way it is? How will it end?
- Richard Powell: An Atlas of the Universe - a series of images at various scales, with explanations.
- Cosmos - an "illustrated dimensional journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos"
- Age of the Universe at Space.Com
- My So-Called Universe by Jim Holt, on various arguments for and against an infinite universe and parallel universes
- Parallel Universes by Max Tegmark
- Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
- Seti@Home - the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- Universe - Space Information Centre by Exploreuniverse.com
- Number of Galaxies in the Universe
- Size of the Universe at Space.Com
- Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the sun, and other stars